Reconstructions of temperature variations from Antarctic ice cores rely on the assumption that the relationship between hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios and temperature are stable in space and time.

We discuss the existence of cryospheric

It is generally accepted that declining carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were an important factor in the Eocene

Analyses of boron isotopes in ancient marine carbonate sediments provide an enlightening perspective on the links between carbon dioxide and ice-cap cover at a climatically momentous time in Earth's history.

Mass loss from the glaciers along the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is increasingly contributing to sea level rise. However, ice loss as a result of accelerated flow, known as dynamic thinning, is so poorly understood that its potential future contribution to sea level remains unpredictable.

About 34 million years ago, the first major Antarctic ice sheets appeared, suggesting that major cooling had taken place; however, the global transition into this icehouse climate remains poorly constrained.

The two great ice sheets