Knowledge creation
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• Key economies outside the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 1 (oecd), now account for 17 per cent of global research and development (r&d) expenditure
• In 2001, China spent us $60 billion (bn) on r&d, placing it third globally after the us (us $282 bn) and Japan (us $104 bn). India too, at US $19 bn, was among the top ten spenders
• Human capital is a crucial factor in science and technology-based wealth creation. In 2001, China had 743,000 researchers, second only to the us' 1.3 million, ahead of Japan's 648,000
• China delivered 739,000 university degrees in 2000. India and Russia followed close behind with 687,000 and 611,000. These three countries alone accounted for 36 per cent of what all 30 oecd countries delivered together
• Moreover, China had thrice the number of foreign-born scientists and engineers in the us than those from the uk. India had twice as many
• Despite the higher r&d investment and the vast numbers of scientists and engineers in some non- oecd economies , they remain minor contributors to global patenting activities
• Of a world total of around 41,000 patent families 2 in 1998, non-OECD economies accounted for only 1.5 per cent, up from 1 per cent in 1991. China and India had only 45 and 25 patent families respectively
• But, patent applications have been growing faster in non-oecd economies. In the 1990s, against the oecd's annual average growth of 6.7 per cent, China's and India's applications at the European Patent Office grew at 20 per cent
1. Group of 30 most industrialised countries 2. Patents filed in multiple countries that protect the same invention Source: Secretary-General of the oecd 2003, oecd Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2003 Edition, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
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