This paper deals with agricultural development and policies in mountains and hills in the Himalayan region. Mountain agriculture (instead of being confined to field crops as in the case of the prime land in plains) is an integrated system of resource usage, linking various land-based activities. As a result, the links between the agricultural and environmental processes, their disruptions and consequences, are more clearly visible in mountain areas compared to many other agro-ecosystems. Hence we look at mountain agriculture through the lens of environmental resources management and sustainability.