The Brahmani river is an interstate river, which origins from Chhotanagapur plateau in Bihar and enters Odisha via Sundargarh district. The river has two principal tributaries like Sankha and Koel. But this river has eight branches. Gohira, Tikra, Singda and Nandia have developed from right banks of the river, while other four branches like Kurali, Mankada, Samakoi and Ramila have originated from the left bank of the river. This is the second largest river of the State after the Mahanadi. The north-western and the north-eastern districts of Odisha are considered most resourceful lands of the State, where rich mines of minerals, forests, fertile lands and vast water resources are available. Such resourcefulness of the land has been its advantage for establishing many projects, including the mega steel plant at Rourkela and other ancillary industries. Rourkela is the second Smart City of Odisha after Bhubaneswar. However, the irony is the region is reeling under acute water crisis these days while the atmospheric temperature too has shot up like never before. We generally depend for our daily consumption on two types of water given by the nature, such as surface water and ground water, which are purely rain based and nature’s creation. When rain water sustains the surface water, the surface water sustains the ground water. In absence of surface water, there is no question of ground water or sub-soil water. We get surface water in the form of river, lake, spring, waterfall, water channel, stream, artificial lake and reservoir, etc. The permanent sources of water of Brahmani and its main tributaries are highly polluted for human uses. Besides the river water, the other surface water resources of the region are either polluted or have lost their existence due to urbanizations. For rapid urbanizations in Sundargarh district, the ground water of the region has dipped fast and it has become difficult to get water for consumption of the human beings and animals. It is a fact that the district and the adjoining districts of the north-western region is home to a majority of tribal populace, who are basically forest dwellers. Due to urbanizations, the natural sources of water and other natural amenities are not available to them. They are facing an existential threat. Our watershed management policy is very bad and there is no definite scientific attempt for conservation of moisture in the soil profiles and sub-soil water deposits in the levels of aquifers. Now in many parts of the State, particularly in the areas of urbanizations like State capital Bhubaneswar and Rourkela, the sub soil aquifers are empty and there are no definite measures for recharging the aquifers for smooth harvest of ground water by the people of the cities. The moisture conservation means the moisture conservation in the soil and atmosphere. If both lithosphere and atmosphere maintain their moisture holding equilibrium, then the stratosphere which acts within 50 km at earth surface can remain healthy for all living beings of the earth. The present pace of urbanisation is not going to permit nature to maintain such equilibrium. The head division of a river is known as catchment area from which the rain water is collected into the stream. The catchment area of Brahmani river comes within the State of Bihar. It encompasses 1, 40,716 sqkm out of which 65,580 sqkm comes within the State of Odisha. Similarly, the total length of Brahmani is 701 km out of which 149 km comes within Odisha. The second physical division of the river is known as watershed area from which the rain water flows down into the river stream. When the river system enters plains after completing the hilly region, the gravitational forces and erosive actions of any river or rivulet are reduced to a greater extent and the perennial nature of the river is maintained. This is known as physiographic division of plains. The last division of a river system is the coastal plains which are very rich in from the point of view of flora and fauna. These areas are known as food basket or food sink of the State. Now, the whole coastal and non-coastal ecological region of Odisha is highly poisoned due to industrialization and the main river system of Odisha like the Mahanadi and Brahmani have borne the brunt of it. The rivers have turned main sewerage systems of the State.