Cost Benefit Analysis
Judgment of the National Green Tribunal regarding plywood factories operating in Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, 27/05/2025
Judgment of the National Green Tribunal, May 27, 2025 in the matter of Sumit Saini Vs Shree Ram Steel Industries & Others. Sumit Saini, resident of village Damla, District Yamuna Nagar, Haryana had sent a letter petition dated May 14, 2022 to the NGT. The application said that around 25 …School feeding in Ghana: investment case - cost benefit analysis report
The Ghana School Feeding Programme is a social protection intervention aimed at increasing school enrolment, attendance and retention, reducing hunger and malnutrition, and boosting domestic food production. The number of children who receive school meals has increased from 1,900 in its first year (2005) of implementation to 1.7m (2017), with …Green-gray assessment: how to assess the costs and benefits of green infrastructure for water supply systems
A growing body of research shows that healthy watersheds are a vital component of a well-functioning water supply infrastructure system. WRI’s Green-Gray Assessment (GGA) method allows stakeholders to value the costs and benefits of integrating green or natural infrastructure into water supply systems to improve performance. Building on the GGA’s …Are environmental tax policies beneficial?: learning from programme evaluation studies
This paper provides a concrete example of how policy analysts can use empirical programme evaluation studies to perform ex-post assessments of environmentally related tax policies. A number of studies credibly identify causal effects of environmentally related tax policies, but do not necessarily provide all the information needed to fully inform …Uganda disaster risk reduction budget tracking: What are the key areas of investment?
This report provide information on public investment planning for Uganda disaster risk reduction (DRR) by marking public spending on DRR-related activities in the national budget (applying the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Development Assistance Committee marker to review budget allocation). The research presents findings from a risk-sensitive …Economics of climate-smart agriculture: considerations for economic and financial analyses of climate-smart agriculture projects
Climate change poses a major threat to food systems and livelihoods all over the world. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) addresses these challenges. CSA stands for including climate change into the planning and implementation of sustainable agricultural strategies. More specifically, CSA has three objectives to achieve these overarching goals: (1) sustainably increasing …The flawed benefit-cost analysis behind proposed rollbacks of the U.S. light-duty vehicle efficiency standards
This briefing paper reviews the benefit-cost estimate developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to justify the Trump administration's August 2018 proposal to roll back the U.S. light-duty vehicle efficiency standards for 2020–2025.Small reservoirs in Africa: a review and synthesis to strengthen future investment
Small reservoirs are a critical coping mechanism in water-stressed rural areas in Africa, providing immense livelihood benefits that include improved food and water security, entrepreneurial activities and climate resilience. Challenges associated with the implementation of investments in small reservoirs include appropriate site selection, weak institutions, insufficient maintenance and sedimentation. The …Digging beneath the surface: an exploration of the net benefits of mining in Southern Africa
Mining has been central to the social and economic narrative of Southern Africa, and has been a key provider of investment, employment, government revenue and infrastructure in the region. In South Africa, the Johannesburg-Pretoria metropolitan area, which serves as the region's economic and financial hub, developed because of the local …Disaster risk reduction at farm level: multiple benefits, no regrets
This report assesses and identifies solutions with special relevance for smallholder farmers: DRR good practices that work at farm-level and which, with small investments, can have a significant positive impact on the resilience of their livelihoods. It evaluates the cost-effectiveness and socio-ecological suitability of different specific DRR interventions, with the …Disaster risk reduction at farm level: multiple benefits, no regrets
This report assesses and identifies solutions with special relevance for smallholder farmers: DRR good practices that work at farm-level and which, with small investments, can have a significant positive impact on the resilience of their livelihoods. It evaluates the cost-effectiveness and socio-ecological suitability of different specific DRR interventions, with the …Improving fuel efficiency for heavy-duty vehicles of 3.5–12 tonnes in India: benefits, costs, and environmental impacts
This analysis examines the benefits and costs of fuel-saving technologies for new heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) in India over the next 10 years and explores how various scenarios for the deployment of vehicles with these technologies will impact petroleum consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions out to 2050. This study focuses …Assessing the value of resource recovery and reuse: social, environmental and economic costs and benefits for value creation and human well-being
Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) contributes to a range of social, economic and environmental benefits that affect human well-being in developing and emerging economies. Energy, nutrients and water can be recovered for safe reuse in agriculture or industry from urban wastewater, including fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems, as well …Cost of inaction in family planning in India: an analysis of health and economic implications
India’s per capita gross domestic product (GDP) can rise an additional 13% by 2031 if family planning policies are actively prioritised, according to a new study. This can also prevent 2.9 million infant deaths and 1.2 million maternal deaths and save households Rs 77,600 crore (20%) of out-of-pocket health expenditure …Clarifying the problem of food loss and waste to improve food and nutrition security
Reducing food loss and waste can contribute to food security and sustainability. Measuring food loss and waste (FLW), identifying where in the food system it occurs, and developing effective policies along the value chain are essential first steps toward addressing the problem. The G20 can play a crucial role with …Benefit cost analysis of emission standards for coal-based thermal power plants in India
In December 2015, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) notified emission standards for limiting Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Particulate Matter (PM) and Mercury (Hg) emissions in coal-based Thermal Power Plants (TPPs). As of December 2017 (the deadline for meeting these standards), compliance was poor. Further, …Social Impact Assessment (SIA) and Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP): an indicative structure
According to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013, it is mandatory to conduct a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) and prepare a Social Impact Management Plan (SMP) for acquisition of land by government for its own use, hold and control or …Estimating the economic benefits of alternative options for investing in agricultural climate services in Africa: a review of methodologies
Smallholder farmers in Africa are especially vulnerable to climate fluctuations and weather extremes, and are expected to suffer disproportionately from climate change. Climate services empower the poor particularly in climate-sensitive developing countries such as the ones in Africa, and allow them to reduce exposure and vulnerability of their agricultural sector …Study on using the climate auction model to catalyse energy and resource efficient buildings
The Pilot Auction Facility (PAF) is an auction-based pay-for-performance mechanism that was originally developed by the World Bank to attract investment to projects that reduce methane emissions. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the PAF climate auction model could be translated effectively to the residential new building …High unknowability of climate damage valuation means the social cost of carbon will always be disputed
The social cost of carbon (SCC), a carbon price calculated from cost-benefit based integrated assessment models and used to inform some climate policies, will always be highly disputed, partly because a key model assumption, the centennial climate damage valuation function (CDF), will "always" be highly unknowable. Current disputes are highlighted …Climate change adaptation technologies for water: a practitioner’s guide to adaptation technologies for increased water sector resilience
This guide aims to help address the challenge of identifying and evaluating appropriate solutions to hydrological hazards, by providing the missing identification and evaluation assistance that those looking for adaptation solutions initially face. More specifically, it focuses on adaptation technologies for building resilience to climate change induced hazards in the …