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Compliance And Enforcement
Order of the National Green Tribunal in the matter of Futala lake pollution, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 05/06/2025
Order of the National Green Tribunal in the matter of In Re: News Item titled "Futala Lake’s charm fades amid neglect and poor maintenance appearing in ‘The Times of India’ dated 25.05.2025". The original application was registered suo-motu based on the news item titled "Futala Lake’s charm fades amid neglect …Real-world emissions performance of a Bharat Stage VI truck and bus
In-service conformity (ISC) tests for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) are being introduced for the first time in India with the Bharat Stage (BS) VI regulation. Such tests are meant to make manufacturers more accountable for in-use emissions and to bridge the gap between lab-based emissions and real-world emissions. While the ISC …Policy recommendations to reduce pollution from Hainan’s on-road vehicle fleet: Benchmarking with international best practices
China’s southernmost province, Hainan, is in the process of becoming the largest Free Trade Port (FTP) in the world. This tropical island province has made environmental improvement its highest priority as it pursues development of the FTP. It envisions building a world-class environmentally friendly economy by 2035 to attract investment, …Evaluation of real-world fuel consumption of light-duty vehicles in China: A 2021 update
The gap between real-world fuel consumption and emissions of carbon dioxide from light-duty vehicles (LDV), and their laboratory values, is increasingly apparent around the world, including in China. ICCT has been tracking the gap between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption of LDVs since 2017. This update reveals that the gap …Fit for 55: a review and evaluation of the European Commission proposal for amending the CO2 targets for new cars and vans
The European Commission’s “Fit for 55,” regulatory proposals are intended to secure a European Union (EU) economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction of at least 55% by 2030. One of the regulatory proposals adopted by the EC is to amend the mandatory CO2 emission targets for new passenger cars and light …CO2 emissions from new passenger cars in Europe: Car manufacturers’ performance in 2020
This briefing paper provides an overview of CO2 emission levels of new passenger cars in the European Union in 2020 based on a preliminary dataset recently released by the European Environment Agency. The dataset shows that new cars sold in the EU in 2020 had average CO2 emissions of 108 …Technology framework for India’s road freight transport: compliance and enforcement architecture reform
In India on-road inspection of road freight in transit is done by several agencies such as tax, transport, police, and forest officials, leading to unscheduled stoppages and delays that add to operational transaction costs. The existing level of digitalization provides the necessary tools for moving toward data-based identification of potential …Overview of vehicle fuel efficiency and electrification policies in Indonesia
This brief reviews strategic documents and policies in Indonesia that are intended to promote fuel-efficient vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs). It evaluates their effectiveness and suggests areas where additional government intervention might accelerate emission reductions and decarbonization of the vehicle fleet, which is currently at an early stage. This overview …The updated China IV non-road emission standards
In December 2020, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) of China updated the China IV emission standards for non-road mobile machinery. It set new requirements for particle number (PN) limits, the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking systems, and portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) testing for improved real-world …Real world NOx performance of Euro VI-D trucks and recommendations for Euro VII
This study analyzes the real-world emissions of seven Euro VI-D trucks and evaluates the avenues for extending the in-use PEMS test provisions to better capture a wider range of frequently occurring conditions in real operation. The analysis finds that urban operation is responsible for 50% to 90% of total NOx …Gasoline and diesel fuel quality survey for India: Part 2
This is the second part of ICCT’s comprehensive survey of motor gasoline and automotive diesel fuel quality across India. The first part presented analysis of samples collected in December 2019 and January 2020, while the Bharat Stage (BS) IV standards were still in effect for much of the country. Here …Avoiding a gap between certified and real-world CO2 emissions: Technical considerations for on-board fuel consumption measurements in trucks
The monitoring of on-board fuel consumption metering (OBFCM) data is aimed at preventing a growing gap between the certified and real-world CO2 emissions from trucks. This can only be achieved, however, if regulation mandates a certain accuracy for the OBFCM methods in real-world operation. The first step in achieving this …China’s vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance program
China took a big step toward further reducing in-use vehicle emissions when it released a final notice of the establishment and implementation of a vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) program in June 2020. The most important feature of this new program is that it establishes a closed-loop management mechanism …Future heavy-duty emission standards: An opportunity for international harmonization
Air pollution continues to be a major threat to public health. In 2017, 96% of the European Union’s urban population was exposed to ground ozone levels in excess of air quality guidelines (AQGs) from the World Health Organization (WHO). In the United States, the picture is similar. An estimated 93% …Technical considerations for choosing a metric for vehicle remote-sensing regulations
An increasing number of countries, including mainland China, are considering enforcing emission regulations for in-use diesel vehicles via remote sensing, a promising technology that measures exhaust emissions from a large number of on-road vehicles without interrupting traffic. To improve the utility of using remote sensing for that purpose, this briefing …One goal, multiple pathways: A review of approaches for transferring on-board fuel consumption meter data to the European Commission
The new light-duty CO2 standards require the European Commission to monitor the real-world fuel and electric energy consumption of light-duty vehicles. In order to do this, the European Commission must develop a procedure to transfer the data recorded by soon to be mandatory on-board fuel and energy consumption monitoring devices …The future of VECTO: CO2 certification of advanced heavy-duty vehicles in the European Union
To meet upcoming mandatory fleet-average reductions in CO2, heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers will have to introduce fuel-efficient technologies at a faster rate than they have done in past decades. To meet these future regulatory requirements, the CO2 certification framework should cover vehicles and advanced technologies that are not currently being captured. …Adapting the vehicle energy consumption calculation tool (VECTO) for use in India and other countries
There is considerable interest in India in moving toward fuel-efficiency standards based on simulation modeling, and particularly in exploring the feasibility of using the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) developed by the European Commission. This briefing develops a proof-of-concept adaptation of the VECTO model for India and summarizes its …Remote sensing of motor vehicle emissions in Paris
In 2017, Mayor Anne Hidalgo of Paris and Mayor Saddiq Khan of London jointly committed to making data on real-world vehicle pollutant emissions available to residents of those cities. In support of that aim, The Real Urban Emissions Initiative (TRUE) commissioned in-use vehicle testing campaigns in both cities, to be …A comparison of light-duty vehicle NOx emissions measured by remote sensing in Zurich and Europe
Remote sensing is one technique used to measure real-world NOx emissions in Europe. Remote sensing measurements conducted by the Canton of Zurich are unique in terms of how consistently they have been collected since 2000 and the steep road grade at the main remote sensing monitoring site. This paper compares …Catching defeat devices: How systematic vehicle testing can determine the presence of suspicious emissions control strategies
While the Dieselgate scandal raised awareness of defeat devices—software calibrations that manipulate pollutant emission controls when vehicles are in the real world—third-party evaluation remains difficult because these devices are embedded in sophisticated computer code. To aid in detection by governments and third parties, this new white paper offers a practical, …
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